In philosophy and logic, an argument is an attempt to persuade someone of something, by giving reasons или evidence for accepting a particular conclusion.[1][2] The general structure of an argument in a natural language is that of premises (typically in the form of propositions, statements или sentences) in support of a claim: the conclusion.[3][4][5] Many arguments can also be formulated in a formal language. An argument in a formal language shows the logical form of the natural language arguments obtained by its interpretations.

In a typical deductive argument, the premises are meant to provide a guarantee of the truth of the conclusion, while in an inductive argument, they are thought to provide reasons supporting the conclusion's probable truth.[6]. The standards for evaluating other kinds of arguments may rest on different или additional criteria than truth, however, such as the persuasiveness of so-called "indispensability claims" in transcendental arguments[7] или even the disclosure of new possibilities for thinking and acting.[8]

The criteria used in evaluating arguments and their forms of reasoning are studied in logic.[9] Ways of formulating arguments effectively are studied in rhetoric