Чтение to oneself is a modern activity which was almost unknown to the scholars of the classical and medieval worlds,while during the fifteenth century the term 'reading' undoubtedly meant Чтение aloud.Only during the nineteenth century did silent Чтение become commonplace.

One should be wary,however,of assuming that silent Чтение came about simply because Чтение aloud was a distraction to others.Examinations of factors related to the historical development of silent Чтение have revealed that it became the usual mode of Чтение for most adults mainly because the tasks themselves changed in character.

The last cnetury saw a steady gradual increase in literacy and thus in the number of readers.As the number of readers increased,the number of potential listeners declined and thus there was some reducion in the need to read aloud.As Чтение for the benefit of listeners grew less common,so came the flourishing of Чтение as a private activity in such public places as libraries,railway carriages and offices,where Чтение aloud would cause distraction to other readers.

Towards the end of the century,there was still considerable argument over whether Книги should be used for information или treated respectfully and over whether the Чтение of materials such as newspapers was in some way mentally weakening.Indeed,this argument remains with us still in education.However,whatever its virtues,the old shared literacy culture had gone and was replaced by the printed mass media on the one hand and by Книги and periodicals for a specialised readership on the other.

By the end of the twentieth century,students were being recommended to adopt attitudes to Книги and to use Чтение skills which were inappropriate,if not impossible,for the oral reader.The social,cultural and technological changes in the century had greatly altered what the term 'reading' implied.